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"Theory"
research Vol. 4, No. 1 (2026) • pp. 18-33

Tourists' negative destination behaviours: A systematic review and conceptual framework of destination rejection, avoidance and boycott

Hakan BENEK

Despite decades of scholarship on destination choice, satisfaction, and loyalty, the question of why tourists deliberately refuse, avoid, or boycott destinations has remained conceptually fragmented. Multiple overlapping constructs  (destination rejection, avoidance, boycott, repulsion, and non-visitation intention) circulate in the literature without consistent definitional boundaries. This paper does not claim to establish a new independent research domain; rather, it performs an integrative conceptual clarification: a typological refinement that specifies the distinct psychological mechanisms, antecedent structures, and management implications of each form of negative destination behaviour. Drawing on a systematic review and conceptual synthesis of 29 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2026, conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines (Page et al., 2021), the paper identifies four thematically and mechanistically distinct clusters: (1) active destination rejection, (2) protective/risk-based avoidance, (3) moral/political boycott, and (4) negative image-based passive non-selection. Two theoretically primary mechanisms are designated: Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) for risk-based avoidance, and Social Identity Theory (SIT) for boycott and identity-based rejection. Six additional theoretical frameworks serve as complementary rather than co-equal explanatory resources. Two exploratory effect-size syntheses are reported in Appendix C as illustrative material  ( not as meta-analytic claims ) noting that full pooling was not feasible due to limited effect-size comparability across studies. The most important practical implication is type-specificity: the management response to moral/political boycott must be fundamentally different from the response to risk-based avoidance or passive non-selection. Implications for DMOs and an eight-priority future research agenda are provided.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20744602
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 2 (2025) • pp. 67-85

Socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts of tourism from the perspective of local people: A field study in the context of sustainability

Gökhan Onat, Ramazan YAĞCI, Hümeyra KASAR, Ömer ERTAN, Hamza YILMAZ

The purpose of this study is to examine the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic perceptions of the local population living in the provinces of Rize and Trabzon in the Eastern Black Sea Region regarding sustainable tourism development within the framework of stakeholder theory and to reveal whether these perceptions differ according to demographic variables. A quantitative research design was adopted in the study; data were obtained from 360 participants reached through convenience sampling via a questionnaire prepared using a 5-point Likert scale. The construct validity of the scale was tested using exploratory factor analysis, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In addition to descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of the data. The research findings show that the local community's perceptions of the economic effects of tourism are highly positive, while they exhibit a more cautious attitude regarding environmental and socio-cultural effects. Furthermore, it was determined that perceptions of economic sustainability significantly strengthened with increasing education level and income; age, marital status, and monthly income variables created significant differences in some sustainability dimensions. In contrast, no significant differences in perceptions were found based on gender, income from tourism, and place of residence variables. The research highlights the decisive role of local community perceptions in the success of sustainable tourism policies; it contributes to the development of region-specific governance and planning strategies aimed at strengthening local participation within the stakeholder theory framework.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18115780
Review Paper Vol. 3, No. 2 (2026) • pp. 101-112

An examination of the Fener Alayı and Şivlilik tradition as an element of intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

Aslı Sultan Eren, Özgenur Şeker

The aim of this study is to examine the Fener Alayı and Şivlilik traditions, which are specific to Regaip Kandili and practiced in Konya, at a conceptual and theoretical level within the framework of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) approach. The study is based on the assumption that these rituals should be evaluated not only as religious practices but also as multidimensional cultural practices in the context of building social belonging, maintaining cultural identity, keeping collective memory alive, and intergenerational cultural transmission processes. The research does not rely on empirical data collection techniques from qualitative research methods; it is a conceptual study designed using a traditional (narrative) literature review approach. The theoretical framework is structured based on UNESCO's ICH classification and Turner's theory of rites of passage and collective memory approaches. The literature review determined that the Fener Alayı and Şivlilik traditions highly correspond to the categories of "social practices, rituals, and festive events" and "oral traditions and expressions" in UNESCO's ICH classification. The findings reveal that these rituals play a decisive role in children's culture and socialization processes, strengthen community solidarity at the neighborhood level, and contribute to the reproduction of local cultural identity. The study emphasizes that evaluating the Fener Alayı and Şivlilik traditions as elements of SOKÜM offers significant potential for the preservation, documentation, and perpetuation of these practices within the framework of sustainable cultural policies.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18118770
Research Papers Vol. 3, No. 1 (2025) • pp. 25-37

Determining the obstacles and attitudes of Generation Z consumers towards organic labeled food

Berkan Şenberber, Gülşah Çağlak, Bahar Karaören, Sena Keşoğlu, Lokman Dinç

Increasing health concerns and environmental worries on a global scale have rapidly increased consumer interest in organic foods, leading to significant growth in organic food production and retail. The Z generation, in particular, differs from other generations in terms of the values, social norms, and lifestyles that shape their consumption habits. The aim of this study is to reveal Generation Z consumers' attitudes, perceptions, and barriers regarding organic-labeled foods. A qualitative research approach was adopted in the study, and data was collected from 16 participants studying gastronomy using a semi-structured interview technique. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods, and seven main themes were identified through a manual coding process: natural environment, healthy and nutritious, limitations, unhealthy and harmful, level of knowledge, taste perception, and desired organic foods. The findings show that Generation Z has positive attitudes towards organic food, but these attitudes are difficult to translate into behavior due to factors such as high prices, limited access, and time constraints. The study interprets the findings within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). According to this theory, positive attitudes and social norms increase young people's intention to consume organic food, but when perceived behavioral control is weak, an intention-behavior gap emerges. The results indicate that the organic food sector needs to strengthen its emphasis on health and naturalness in its marketing strategies targeting young consumers, increase social media and influencer collaborations, and develop solutions to reduce access and pricing barriers. The research contributes to the literature theoretically and provides practical recommendations to practitioners.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17159981
Research Papers Vol. 2, No. 2 (2024) • pp. 81-87

The role of brand trust in purchase intention: The case of a chain food and beverage business

Kamil Pekaydın

This study examines the role of brand trust in influencing consumers' preferences for chain food and beverage establishments through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The TPB framework includes three main components: attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Using a sample of 399 respondents, the study employs a survey methodology to measure these components as well as brand trust. The results show that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control significantly influence purchase intention towards chain food and beverage establishments. Furthermore, brand trust was found to moderate the relationship between perceived behavioral control and purchase intention and strengthen this link. However, brand trust did not significantly moderate the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms and purchase intention. These findings suggest that although brand trust is crucial in enhancing perceived behavioral control, its influence on attitudes and subjective norms may be less pronounced. The study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the importance of brand trust in consumer decision-making processes and offers practical implications for marketing strategies in the food and beverage industry. Future research should explore the long-term effects of brand trust and consider different demographic and cultural contexts to further generalize the findings.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14603260
Theoretical paper Vol. 2, No. 1 (2024) • pp. 13-23

The role of destination carrying capacity within the framework of flow theory

Yusuf Karakuş, Eren Erkılıç

This study addresses the critical relationship between tourist destination carrying capacity and flow theory. In this way, a framework has been drawn by focusing on its complex impact on sustainable destination management. Tourism carrying capacity, defined as the maximum number of tourists that a destination can accommodate without compromising environmental integrity, the well-being of local people or visitor satisfaction, is of central importance in ensuring long-term sustainability. At the same time, flow theory, which defines the state of commitment and satisfaction experienced by individuals, provides an important framework for improving the quality of tourist experiences. This article argues that balancing the carrying capacity of a destination with the principles of flow theory is vital for both environmental sustainability and high-quality visitor experiences. Although issues related to carrying capacity are frequently studied, providing a perspective within the framework of flow theory can provide a better understanding of the existing realities of destination management mechanisms. In this context, the originality of this study is that the literature is examined from a theoretical perspective and the problems related to carrying capacity management are explained from different perspectives. As a result of the theoretical findings, managerial and theoretical suggestions are presented.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13331419
Theoretical paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 25-32

The role of contingency theory for tourist destinations management

Eda Kaya, Muhammet Caner Kaya

Contingency theory, known for its ability to adapt to dynamic conditions in an environment, has increasingly come to the fore as an agent of change in the ever-changing environment of the tourism industry. This study looks at the application of contingency theory in the tourism industry, with a particular focus on crisis management, community engagement, technological integration and the promotion of sustainable practices. The potential of the theory to be effective in managing uncertainties and promoting resilience in tourism destinations is presented in its ability to provide perspective. Furthermore, the paper recommends the application of the studies presented to investigate the enduring effects of contingency-oriented strategies on the long-term viability of tourism destinations. This paper emphasizes the interaction between contingency theory and new paradigms such as ecotourism, sustainable development and heritage conservation. It also suggests using contingency theory as a framework for understanding visitor behavior to increase the resilience, sustainability, and resilience of tourism destinations that are dynamic and complex.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10251165
Theoretical paper Vol. 1, No. 1 (2023) • pp. 33-39

Motivated tourists: Gastronomy image and its implications for destination managers

Gökhan Onat

The purpose of this theoretical paper is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the phenomenon by investigating the major relevance that gastronomy image has in the field of tourism destination management. The author makes use of the insights that can be obtained from the theory of motivation to provide direction for their subsequent investigation. Through its findings, the study sheds light on the numerous ways in which gastronomy influences the allure of locales, the degree of contentment that tourists have, and the entire experience that they have while they are on vacation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways in which gastronomy image have an impact on the choices that tourists make, as well as the activities that they engage in and the choices that they make. This paper draws conclusions based on previous research and conceptual frameworks that have been previously established.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10454540